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Citation Elements
General personal communication
| (Communicator, personal communication, Month date, year). |
Traditional Knowledge communication
| Communicator (nation/specific Indigenous group, location if known, personal communication, Month date, year). |
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Important
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When do I use this type of citation?
‘Personal communications’ are resources that are accessible to you, but not your reader. These can include conversations, emails, class notes and other forms of communication that cannot be recovered by your reader. For this reason, you only cite in-text, without a reference list entry.
For Traditional Knowledge and Oral Traditions of Indigenous Peoples:
If you speak with an Indigenous person directly, follow the ‘Traditional Knowledge communication’ in-text citation example. No reference entry is included. If Traditional Knowledge or Oral Traditions of Indigenous Peoples can be recovered by the reader (e.g., video, audio, interview transcript, book, article), cite it in-text and include a reference list entry in the correct format for the type of source.
If you are an Indigenous person sharing your own experiences or previously unrecorded Traditional Knowledge or Oral Tradition describe yourself in the text (e.g., what nation you belong to, where you live) to contextualise the information you are sharing. Do not use a personal knowledge citation or provide a reference list entry.
Reference Examples
| In-text citation: … guidelines were provided in a conversation with Director of Nursing (R. Smith, personal communication, October 18, 2019). |
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No reference list entry |
| In-text citation: We spoke with Tracy Woodroffe (Warumungu Luritja, lives in Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia, personal communication, April 4, 2019) about … |
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No reference list entry |
