A narrative citation includes the author’s name in the sentence, with the year in parentheses. This format is useful when you want to emphasise the author’s contribution or connect their work to your discussion.
Example: Carter (2021) found that regular physical activity reduces the risk of heart disease.
A parenthetical citation places both the author’s name and the year in parentheses at the end of the sentence. This is useful when the focus is on the information rather than the author.
Example: A balanced diet plays a key role in maintaining gut health (Lee & Patel 2020).
One author
Two authors
Three or more authors
Organisation as an author that can be identified through an abbreviation
Organisation as author – no abbreviation
Multiple sources in the same sentence
Quotes need to appear in double quotation marks with a page or paragraph number in the in-text citation.
Example: Social workers are practice providers and “are frequently leaders in providing crisis intervention services to individuals, families and groups, as well as within organizations and communities” (Mirabito 2017, p. 118).
Have you used a quote of 40 words or more?
This is known as a block quote and should be used rarely. If you are thinking of using this type of quote, ask yourself: is this quote necessary or could you summarise or paraphrase the text?
For block quotes: Omit quotation marks and start the quote on a new line. Indent the whole block by about 1cm (or 5 spaces) from the left margin. Example:
They had a less good walk back, simply because they hit the upper waters of the northwest river at the wrong place and had to walk two miles upstream to cross it. In the middle of the crossing Thelma found a thalloid liverwort and to Hugh’s astonishment stopped to collect it (Davies 2010, p. 62).
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