CDU Harvard is an author-date style. This means your in-text citations need both of these two elements. There are two types of in-text citations, narrative citations and parenthetical citations.
Narrative Citations are a part of the sentence they are in.
If the citation is removed and the sentence no longer makes sense, you are using a narrative citation.
Parenthetical Citations are placed at the end of the information you are citing, in parentheses.
If the citation is removed and the sentence still makes sense, you are using a parenthetical citation.
An in-text citation can look different depending on the author. Have a look at the table below for in-text citation layouts.
Quotes need to appear in double quotation marks with a page or paragraph number in the in-text citation.
Example: Social workers are practice providers and “are frequently leaders in providing crisis intervention services to individuals, families and groups, as well as within organizations and communities” (Mirabito 2017, p. 118).
Have you used a quote of 40 words or more?
This is known as a block quote and should be used rarely. If you are thinking of using this type of quote, ask yourself: is this quote necessary or could you summarise or paraphrase the text?
For block quotes: Omit quotation marks and start the quote on a new line. Indent the whole block by about 1cm (or 5 spaces) from the left margin. Example:
They had a less good walk back, simply because they hit the upper waters of the northwest river at the wrong place and had to walk two miles upstream to cross it. In the middle of the crossing Thelma found a thalloid liverwort and to Hugh’s astonishment stopped to collect it (Davies 2010, p. 62).
| Author type | Narrative Citation: First citation | Narrative Citation: Subsequent citations | Parenthetical Citation: First citation | Parenthetical Citation: Subsequent citations |
| One work by one author | Walker (2017) | Walker (2017) | (Walker 2017) | (Walker 2017) |
| One work by two authors | Walker and Allen (2014) | Walker and Allen (2014) | (Walker & Allen 2014) | (Walker & Allen 2014) |
| One work by 3-20 authors | Bradley et al. (2015) | Bradley et al. (2015) | (Bradley et al. 2015) | (Bradley et al. 2015) |
| One work by 21+ authors | Ahamad et al. (2015) | Ahamad et al. (2015) | (Ahamad et al. 2015) | (Ahamad et al. 2015) |
| Groups/Organisations (readily identified through abbreviation) as author | Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW 2018) | AIHW (2018) | (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare [AIHW] 2018) | (AIHW 2018) |
| Groups/Organisations (no abbreviation) as author | Diabetes Australia (2017) | Diabetes Australia (2017) | (Diabetes Australia 2017) | (Diabetes Australia 2017) |
| Multiple sources in the same sentence, i.e. one sentence used ideas from several resources and needs to cite them in the same sentence |
Diabetes Australia (2017), Parnell (2018) and Kerridge et al. (2013) discuss… Can be in any order when narrative style |
Parnell (2018), Kerridge et al. (2013) and Diabetes Australia (2017) discuss… |
(Diabetes Australia 2017; Kerridge et al. 2013; Parnell 2018)
Must be alphabetical |
(Diabetes Australia 2017; Kerridge et al. 2013; Parnell 2018) |
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